The First Time I Watched The Movie “Flight” It Was Strictly

The first time I watched the movie â€Å"Flight† it was strictly for entertainment value. Denzel Washington is notorious for playing a great bad guy and based on the promotional videos, he would be hailed as a hero with a not so shiny record to negate these perceptions. When the movie opens, to see his character Whip doing a line of cocaine as soon as he woke up told me a lot about where he stood regarding substance abuse and its impact on his life. The idea of waking up and immediately doing a line would suggest for me that the substance had become a part of his daily routine and was a normal for him instead of just an outlet to escape those day to day troubles when needed. For the first portion of the film, we don’t see the depth of his†¦show more content†¦Standing alone Whip is perceived one way, but when you think about his behavior in comparison with someone in the same situation with lesser circumstances, at the heart of it is an addict ineffectively cop ing with a host of internal struggles. The focus is off his important job or her pending homelessness, to the root of the issue which is that they both are having trouble coping with the things going on in their life. Down the line, I reflect on this series of scenes and how that plays out for their approach to life following the plane accident and her overdose. It is interesting to thing about the way they behave after. She has basically nothing but she is trying to stay away from drugs, whereas he has so much to lose and doesn’t stop abusing. I pondered what besides the most obvious differences would take them in such opposite directions given the gravity of their situations. A thought to consider is how deep into the experiences known as the abyss and the dark night of the soul Whip is throughout the film. In the film, Whip depicts the abyss when he spends a considerable amount of time with Nicole before going through the process of losing her from her drug relapse. This is a moment that he must go through before he realizes what the substance abuse is doing to him and what he could lose if heShow MoreRelatedThe Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Portfolio6447 Words   |  26 PagesStriped Pyjamas†, written by John Boyne, and the corresponding film, which was released in 2008. The reason I chose this particular material is the following: I saw the film before reading the book, which, as I see it, is not the right way to do, because instead of imagining all features, the characters, the settings and so on by yourself, you already have the faces of the actors, or the specific place where the film was made in your mind while reading. 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Foundation and Empire 16. Conference Free Essays

When the twenty-seven independent Trading worlds, united only by their distrust of the mother planet of the Foundation, concert an assembly among themselves, and each is big with a pride grown of its smallness, hardened by its own insularity and embittered by eternal danger – there are preliminary negotiations to be overcome of a pettiness sufficiently staggering to heartsicken the most persevering. It is not enough to fix in advance such details as methods of voting, type of representation – whether by world or by population. These are matters of involved political importance. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation and Empire 16. Conference or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is not enough to fix matters of priority at the table, both council and dinner, those are matters of involved social importance. It was the place of meeting – since that was a matter of overpowering provincialism. And in the end the devious routes of diplomacy led to the world of Radole, which some commentators had suggested at the start for logical reason of central position. Radole was a small world – and, in military potential, perhaps the weakest of the twenty-seven. That, by the way, was another factor in the logic of the choice. It was a ribbon world – of which the Galaxy boasts sufficient, but among which, the inhabited variety is a rarity for the physical requirements are difficult to meet. It was a world, in other words, where the two halves face the monotonous extremes of heat and cold, while the region of possible life is the girdling ribbon of the twilight zone. Such a world invariably sounds uninviting to those who have not tried it, but there exist spots, strategically placed – and Radole City was located in such a one. It spread along the soft slopes of the foothills before the hacked-out mountains that backed it along the rim of the cold hemisphere and held off the frightful ice. The warm, dry air of the sun-half spilled over, and from the mountains was piped the water-and between the two, Radole City became a continuous garden, swimming in the eternal morning of an eternal June. Each house nestled among its flower garden, open to the fangless elements. Each garden was a horticultural forcing ground, where luxury plants grew in fantastic patterns for the sake of the foreign exchange they brought – until Radole had almost become a producing world, rather than a typical Trading world. So, in its way, Radole City was a little point of softness and luxury on a horrible planet – a tiny scrap of Eden – and that, too, was a factor in the logic of the choice. The strangers came from each of the twenty-six other Trading worlds: delegates, wives, secretaries, newsmen, ships, and crews – and Radole’s population nearly doubled and Radole’s resources strained themselves to the limit. One ate at will, and drank at will, and slept not at all. Yet there were few among the roisterers who were not intensely aware that all that volume of the Galaxy burnt slowly in a sort of quiet, slumbrous war. And of those who were aware, there were dime classes. First, there were the many who knew little and were very confident. Such as the young space pilot who wore the Haven cockade on the clasp of his cap, and who managed, in holding his glass before his eyes, to catch those of the faintly smiling Radolian girl opposite. He was saying: â€Å"We came fight through the war-zone to get here-on purpose. We traveled about a light-minute or so, in neutral, right past Horleggor-â€Å" â€Å"Horleggor?† broke in a long-legged native, who was playing host to that particular gathering. â€Å"That’s where the Mule got the guts beat out of him last week, wasn’t it?† â€Å"Where’d you hear that the Mule got the guts beat out of him?† demanded the pilot, loftily. â€Å"Foundation radio.† â€Å"Yeah? Well, the Mule’s got Horleggor. We almost ran into a convoy of his ships, and that’s where they were coming from. It isn’t a gut-beating when you stay where you fought, and the gut-beater leaves in a hurry.† Someone else said in a high, blurred voice, â€Å"Don’t talk like that. Foundation always takes it on the chin for a while. You watch; just sit tight and watch. Ol’ Foundation knows when to come back. And then – pow!† The thick voice concluded and was succeeded by a bleary grin. â€Å"Anyway.† said the pilot from Haven, after a short pause, â€Å"As I say, we saw the Mule’s ships, and they looked pretty good, pretty good. I tell you what – they looked new.† â€Å"New?† said the native, thoughtfully. â€Å"They build them themselves?† He broke a leaf from an overhanging branch, sniffed delicately at it, then crunched it between his teeth, the bruised tissues bleeding greenly and diffusing a minty odor. He said, â€Å"You trying to tell me they beat Foundation ships with homebuilt jobs? Go on.† â€Å"We saw them, doc. And I can tell a ship from a comet, too, you know.† The native leaned close. â€Å"You know what I think. Listen, don’t kid yourself. Wars don’t just start by themselves, and we have a bunch of shrewd apples running things. They know what they’re doing.† The well-unthirsted one said with sudden loudness, â€Å"You watch ol’ Foundation. They wait for the last minute, then – pow!† He grinned with vacuously open mouth at the girl, who moved away from him. The Radolian was saying, â€Å"For instance, old man, you think maybe that this Mule guy’s running things. No-o-o.† And he wagged a finger horizontally. â€Å"The way I hear it, and from pretty high up, mind you, he’s our boy. We’re paying him off, and we probably built those ships. Let’s be realistic about it – we probably did. Sure, he can’t beat the Foundation in the long run, but he can get them shaky, and when he does – we get in.† The girl said, â€Å"Is that all you can talk about, Klev? The war? You make me tired.† The pilot from Haven said, in an access of gallantry, â€Å"Change the subject. Can’t make the girls tired.† The bedewed one took up the refrain and banged a mug to the rhythm. The little groups of two that had formed broke up with giggles and swagger, and a few similar groups of twos emerged from the sun-house in the background. The conversation became more general, more varied, more meaningless. Then there were those who knew a little more and were less confident. Such as the one-armed Fran, whose large bulk represented Haven as official delegated, and who lived high in consequence, and cultivated new friendships – with women when he could and with men when he had to. It was on the sun platform of the hilltop home, of one of these new friends, that he relaxed for the first of what eventually proved to be a total of two times while on Radole. The new friend was Iwo Lyon, a kindred soul of Radole. Iwo’s house was apart from the general cluster, apparently alone in a sea of floral perfume and insect chatter. The sun platform was a grassy strip of lawn set at a forty-five degree angle, and upon it Fran stretched out and fairly sopped up sun. He said, â€Å"Don’t have anything like this on Haven.† Iwo replied, sleepily, â€Å"Ever seen the cold side. There’s a spot twenty miles from here where the oxygen runs like water. â€Å" â€Å"Go on. â€Å"Fact.† â€Å"Well, I’ll tell you, Iwo-In the old days before my arm was chewed off I knocked around, see – and you won’t believe this, but† – The story that followed lasted considerably, and Iwo didn’t believe it. Iwo said, through yawns, â€Å"They don’t make them like in the old days, that’s the truth.† â€Å"No, guess they don’t. Well, now,† Fran fired up, â€Å"don’t say that. I told you about my son, didn’t I? He’s one of the old school, if you like. He’ll make a great Trader, blast it. He’s his old man up and down. Up and down, except that he gets married.† â€Å"You mean legal contract? With a girl?† â€Å"That’s right. Don’t see the sense in it myself. They went to Kalgan for their honeymoon.† â€Å"Kalgan? Kalgan? When the Galaxy was this?† Fran smiled broadly, and said with slow meaning, â€Å"Just before the Mule declared war on the Foundation.† â€Å"That so?† Fran nodded and motioned Iwo closer with his head. He said, hoarsely, â€Å"In fact, I can tell you something, if you don’t let it go any further. My boy was sent to Kalgan for a purpose. Now I wouldn’t like to let it out, you know, just what the purpose was, naturally, but you look at the situation now, and I suppose you can make a pretty good guess. In any case, my boy was the man for the job. We Traders needed some sort of ruckus.† He smiled, craftily. â€Å"It’s here. I’m not saying how we did it, but – my boy went to Kalgan, and the Mule sent out his ships. My son!† Iwo was duly impressed. He grew confidential in his turn, â€Å"That’s good. You know, they say we’ve got five hundred ships ready to pitch in on our own at the right time. â€Å" Fran said authoritatively, â€Å"More than that, maybe. This is real strategy. This is the kind I like.† He clawed loudly at the skin of his abdomen. â€Å"But don’t you forget that the Mule is a smart boy, too. What happened at Horleggor worries me.† â€Å"I heard he lost about ten ships.† â€Å"Sure, but he had a hundred more, and the Foundation had to get out. It’s all to the good to have those tyrants beaten, but not as quickly as all that.† He shook his head. â€Å"The question I ask is where does the Mule get his ships? There’s a widespread rumor we’re making them for him.† â€Å"We? The Traders? Haven has the biggest ship factories anywhere in the independent worlds, and we haven’t made one for anyone but ourselves. Do you suppose any world is building a fleet for the Mule on its own, without taking the precaution of united action? That’s a†¦ a fairy tale.† â€Å"Well, where does he get them?† And Fran shrugged, â€Å"Makes them himself, I suppose. That worries me, too.† Fran blinked at the sun and curled his toes about the smooth wood of the polished foot-rest. Slowly, he fell asleep and the soft burr of his breathing mingled with the insect sibilance. Lastly, there were the very few who knew considerable and were not confident at all. Such as Randu, who on the fifth day of the all-Trader convention entered the Central Hall and found the two men he had asked to be there, waiting for him. The five hundred seats were empty – and were going to stay so. Randu said quickly, almost before he sat down, â€Å"We three represent about half the military potential of the Independent Trading Worlds.† â€Å"Yes,† said Mangin of Iss, â€Å"my colleague and I have already commented upon the fact.† â€Å"I am ready,† said Randu, â€Å"to speak quickly and earnestly. I am not interested in bargaining or subtlety. Our position is radically in the worse.† â€Å"As a result of-† urged Ovall Gri of Mnemon. â€Å"Of developments of the last hour. Please! From the beginning. First, our position is not of our doing, and but doubtfully of our control. Our original dealings were not with the Mule, but with several others; notably the ex-warlord of Kalgan, whom the Mule defeated at a most inconvenient time for us.† â€Å"Yes, but this Mule is a worthy substitute,† said Mangin. â€Å"I do not cavil at details.† â€Å"You may when you know all the details.† Randu leaned forward and placed his hands upon the table palms-up in an obvious gesture. He said, â€Å"A month ago I sent my nephew and my nephew’s wife to Kalgan.† â€Å"Your nephew!† cried Ovall Gri, in surprise. â€Å"I did not know he was your nephew.† â€Å"With what purpose,† asked Mangin, dryly. â€Å"This?† And his thumb drew an inclusive circle high in the air. â€Å"No. If you mean the Mule’s war on the Foundation, no. How could I aim so high? The young man knew nothing – neither of our organization nor of our aims. He was told I was a minor member of an intra-Haven patriotic society, and his function at Kalgan was nothing but that of an amateur observer. My motives were, I must admit, rather obscure. Mainly, I was curious about the Mule. He is a strange phenomenon – but that’s a chewed cud; I’ll not go into it. Secondly, it would make an interesting and educational training project for a man who had experience with the Foundation and the Foundation underground and showed promise of future usefulness to us. You see-â€Å" Ovall’s long face fell into vertical lines as he showed his large teeth, â€Å"You must have been surprised at the outcome, then, since there is not a world among the Traders, I believe, that does not know that this nephew of yours abducted a Mule underling in the name of the Foundation and furnished the Mule with a casus belli. Galaxy, Randu, you spin romances. I find it hard to believe you had no hand in that. Come, it was a skillful job.† Randu shook his white head, â€Å"Not of my doing. Nor, willfully, of my nephew’s, who is now held prisoner at the Foundation, and may not live to see the completion of this so-skillful job. I have just heard from him. The Personal Capsule has been smuggled out somehow, come through the war zone, gone to Haven, and traveled from there to here. It has been a month on its travels.† â€Å"And?-â€Å" Randu leaned a heavy hand upon the heel of his palm and said, sadly, â€Å"I’m afraid we are cast for the same role that the onetime warlord of Kalgan played. The Mule is a mutant!† There was a momentary qualm; a faint impression of quickened heartbeats. Randu might easily have imagined it. When Mangin spoke, the evenness of his voice was unchanged, â€Å"How do you know?† â€Å"Only because my nephew says so, but he was on Kalgan. â€Å"What kind of a mutant? There are all kinds, you know.† Randu forced the rising impatience down, â€Å"All kinds of mutants, yes, Mangin. All kinds! But only one kind of Mule. What kind of a mutant would start as an unknown, assemble an army, establish, they say, a five-mile asteroid as original base, capture a planet, then a system, then a region – and then attack the Foundation, and defeat them at Horleggor. And all in two or three years!† Ovall Gri shrugged, â€Å"So you think he’ll beat the Foundation?† â€Å"I don’t know. Suppose he does?† â€Å"Sorry, I can’t go that far. You don’t beat the Foundation. Look, there’s not a new fact we have to go on except for the statements of a†¦ well, of an inexperienced boy. Suppose we shelve it for a while. With all the Mule’s victories, we weren’t worried until now, and unless he goes a good deal further than he has, I see no reason to change that. Yes?† Randu frowned and despaired at the cobweb texture of his argument. He said to both, â€Å"Have we yet made any contact with the Mule?† â€Å"No,† both answered. â€Å"It’s true, though, that we’ve tried, isn’t it? It’s true that there’s not much purpose to our meeting unless we do reach him, isn’t it? It’s true that so far there’s been more drinking than thinking, and more wooing than doing – I quote from an editorial in today’s Radole Tribune – and all because we can’t reach the Mule. Gentlemen, we have nearly a thousand ships waiting to be thrown into the fight at the proper moment to seize control of the Foundation. I say we should change that. I say, throw those thousand onto the board now – against the Mule.† â€Å"You mean for the Tyrant Indbur and the bloodsuckers of the Foundation?† demanded Mangin, with quiet venom. Randu raised a weary hand, â€Å"Spare me the adjectives. Against the Mule, I say, and for I-don’t-care-who.† Ovall Gri rose, â€Å"Randu, I’ll have nothing to do with that, You present it to the full council tonight if you particularly hunger for political suicide.† He left without another word and Mangin followed silently, leaving Randu to drag out a lonely hour of endless, insoluble consideration. At the full council that night, he said nothing. But it was Ovall Gri who pushed into his room the next morning; an Ovall Gri only sketchily dressed and who had neither shaved nor combed his hair. Randu stared at him over a yet-uncleared breakfast table with an astonishment sufficiently open and strenuous to cause him to drop his pipe. Ovall said baldly, harshly. â€Å"Mnemon has been bombarded from space by treacherous attack.† Randu’s eyes narrowed, â€Å"The Foundation?† â€Å"The Mule!† exploded Ovall. â€Å"The Mule!† His words raced, â€Å"It was unprovoked and deliberate. Most of our fleet had joined the international flotilla. The few left as Home Squadron were insufficient and were blown out of the sky. There have been no landings yet, and there may not be, for half the attackers are reported destroyed – but it is war – and I have come to ask how Haven stands on the matter.† â€Å"Haven, I am sure, will adhere to the spirit of the Charter of Federation. But, you see? He attacks us as well.† â€Å"This Mule is a madman. Can he defeat the universe?† He faltered and sat down to seize Randu’s wrist, â€Å"Our few survivors have reported the Mule’s poss†¦ enemy’s possession of a new weapon. A nuclear-field depressor.† â€Å"A what?† Ovall said, â€Å"Most of our ships were lost because their nuclear weapons failed them. It could not have happened by either accident or sabotage. It must have been a weapon of the Mule. It didn’t work perfectly; the effect was intermittent; there were ways to neutralize – my dispatches are not detailed. But you see that such a tool would change the nature of war and, possibly, make our entire fleet obsolete.† Randu felt an old, old man. His face sagged hopelessly, â€Å"I am afraid a monster is grown that will devour all of us. Yet we must fight him.† How to cite Foundation and Empire 16. Conference, Essay examples

Practical and Research Project for Ulysses Club-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePractical and Research Project for Ulysses Club. Answer: Introduction: The Ulysses Club is situated both in Australia and New Zealand, formed for the motorcyclists over and above the age of forty. This club cropped up in Australia in December 1983, in response to a letter from the present day redundant magazine of Bike Australia editor, Peter Thoeming (Morandin, Bagozzi Bergami, 2013). The name Ulysses Club was the proposal of Rob Hall, while the motto of the club, Grow Old Disgracefully was initiated by Pat Lynch, Robs then girlfriend. The old man logo that is being still used as the emblem of the club was sketched by Peter Thoeming. The club has made use of the original hand-sketched form of the logo that was made by Peter. The clubs introductory meeting was apprehended in Sydney on December 6th, 1983, when five people who were present in the meeting permitted of the draft constitution and the Ulysses Club was duly created. This meeting gave birth to a draft constitution along with the formation of the three primary purposes of the club: In providing ways where the old motorcyclists can get along together for camaraderie and shared support. In showing through example that motor cycling can be pleasurable and a practical movement for the riders of all ages. In drawing attention of the private and public institutions to the requirements and opinions of the older riders. These unique purposes are being entrenched in the constitution of the club and have till date remained unaffected. This motor cycling club has been the biggest organization of its kind having 138 branches within Australia and existing globally in places like Italy, Germany, Austria, Vietnam and Norway. Furthermore, the partner of the member, who has conquered the age of forty, may also be divulged as a club member on prior application. Till a member achieves the 50 age level, he or she is considered to be a junior member of the club, however having full membership rights along with privileges. Research Problem: This research would take into account the issue of declining membership of Ulysses Club in Australia and the reasons on why the club is not being able to attract any new members. The club states it is under no pressure and is in competition with none to increase the members. The club has been able to recognize that a few more of the existing clubs have been able to offer diversified experiences for the riders to select from. Club membership in Decline: A larger group of members of the club have in recent times expressed their concerns at the serious turn down in the membership of club over a period of three years. The recent official figures from the club management states that the use of the cycle has been falling as the percentage of the adults who ride at least once a month fell to 15 per cent the previous year. The decline of quite a larger section of the people was marked in Australia and New Zealand. The bike riding clubs or organizations have been blaming the government for failing to offer ample funding for the provision for bike riding transportation along with fears of safety on the part of would-be bikers. The membership of the club did manage to peak up in 2010, figures stating that 28,000 members were at the helm, though it declined in the next few years with figures suggesting the total under present circumstances is at 16,000 (Biezen, Poguntke, (2014). With due regards to the Ulysses club, the decline in the membership has been for reasons like the termination of the club Newsletter which has been one of the popular journal, predominantly enjoyed by many who have been the non-riding members. From the period from 2010 to 2015, the club did manage to generate fifty newsletters. However, with few of the important members leaving the club scene, only five newsletters have been produced in the last two years. Moreover, it was decided at the AGM that the generation of the Newsletter is not worth the exertion. This fact has been ridiculed by many of the club members on the sudden stop of the newsletters, which was once deemed popular. As suggested by some of the top members, one does not require articles, just the oddments and the one-off clipart that can easily be cut and pasted from the website of the club. In every three months time, a run list is being shaped and propelled through posts to all the members of the club who are not having the broadband facilities. The only extra effort that is being required was in placing a piece of paper into the envelopes of the recipients. It took the club officials a maximum time of two hours in producing and posting the club newsletter to their members with the list of the run. At the time when the club was producing so many of the newsletters during the period of 2012-2013, the club comprised of 85 members who did not have the email amenities. It is of no coincidence that following the annihilation of the Newsletter, in the present scenario there is only less than half the figure of club members without facilities of email. Another potential factor that might have resulted in the decline of the club membership is the decision in removing AUD $6 membership for the non-riders that was popular among many of the non-riding members (Berry Wilcox, 2015). This is yet another of those reasons for those members who no longer are capable in riding with the club, not renewing their association with the club. Required Information: The information that is being required for addressing the issues that Ulysses Club is facing would require extensive analysis of both the primary and the secondary sources. The primary sources would be dealing with the members of the club through one-on-one interviews and questionnaires containing questions that would be based on the issues and challenges the club is facing. The secondary source of information would be gathered through club websites and other related articles over the database. Research Questions: This research study would take in certain research questions that would assist the researcher in going along with the paper: What are the issues that are being faced by bike riding clubs like Ulysses Club in Australia? How can the issues faced by Ulysses Club be minimized for it to stay ahead of the competition? What are the possible recommendations through which new members can be attracted by bike riding clubs like Ulysses in Australia? Literature Review: According to Biezen, Poguntke, (2014), one of the major challenges that are being encountered by this motorcycle clubs is the age of the members. In most of the motorcycle clubs, the average ages of the members has been fifty, and under certain circumstances even sixty. In the coming twenty years, this clubs would not be having a lot of the members. As per Hung, et al., (2017), the largest factor of declining of motorcycle membership has been related to the demographic factor. In this research, a survey was conducted where it was found that the average age fifteen months ago was stated to be sixty-seven, with over 25 per cent of that population being over the age of seventy five. As per Everett, (2015), even though the hobbyists pass on, their bikes linger. On previous occasions, the successive owners have joined the club, substituting the previous owner of the bike. However, regrettably this tradition is getting lost somewhere. One of the members of a motorcycle riding club stated that previously the turnover used to be same for the membership, with some of the new members joining in at the same time or at the augmented rate. However, in the present scenario, the rates of new members have gone down or are not increasing the way it used to at one time. According to Berry, (2015), the clubs are keen in finding the source of such issues and understand the obstacle that lies ahead, taking important steps in combating the membership issue that is on the decline. This research did take into account the method of increasing the membership through the benefit of modern technology and the ways of delivering information in cost-effective ways. As per Launay Dunbar, (2015), the Southern Cross Association has been offering technical resources on the website of its that has been saving their members quite a few dollars, adding the much required value to the membership due prices. The workshop manuals generally run upto 1000 pages and for obvious reasons it is costly in printing and mailing of the same, so the club shifted the whole process online where the members can download it for free. The internet has been able to bring in the diversion into the households of the potential members; many such clubs have been seeing this as the value of bringing the hobby off the computer monitor and onto the streets. According to Fishman, Washington Haworth, (2014), several biker association have taken up the initiative in having a youth program. One of the things that they have been trying to perform is working with the trade schools for introducing antique bikes and relevant information about them into the prospectus. According to Fishman et al., (2015), attracting new members in the club has become one of the broader initiatives. In one of the surveys conducted within this research, members are of the opinion that when they joined these motorcycle clubs around forty years ago, it was much bunged society. However, in the present scenario, a particular motorcycle club is inviting the members of the other bike clubs to come in, visit them and have an experience. As per Hardiman Burgin, (2013), several of the motorcycle clubs have been parking their Ducati sand Ninjas in the parking lot for the people to see and have a discussion with the owners. According to Bachand-Marleau, Lee El-Geneidy, (2012), the bottom line for such an issue and to better the health of the club is to acclimatize with the needs of the members, through either socializing at the shows and events and on tours, for attracting new members to the club. As per Ricci, (2015), social media has been another reason for which the motorc ycle clubs operations are being jeopardized. With the taking over of the social media, people are just going about posting, I am riding tomorrow, want to go? This fact has taken away the requirement and significance of the pre-planned group rides. People are not showing up for the rides they used to on previous occasions. As per McKee, (2015), taking up the role of the leaders in this motorcycle clubs are becoming a hazardous jobs and not much members are showing interest is such factors. According to Morandin, Bagozzi Bergami, (2013), the word-of-mouth is not the best way of communicating the news of the club to its members and to the candidates who are interested. Therefore the best way of communicating is to put together a newsletter that would be letting the people know when the organization is planning its next rides, events and other meetings. The website of the bike clubs needs to be maintained in the best possible way as a mean of communicating with others. According to Hardiman Burgin, (2013), the success of the motorcycle clubs is primarily based on attitude. In order to take the member in serious manner, especially the one at the top, he should prepare himself with a sneer instead of a smile on his face. It is the attitude and the demeanor that attracts others towards the motorcycle clubs where associating with one particular group might augment the social status. Gaps: There have been few gaps within these research studies that have been identified in the research work. Most of the scholars failed to mention the ways the new members would be attracted and the ways technology can be playing a vital role in bettering the overall situation. It is important to understand the way digitalization would be helping in enhancing the situation of these clubs that have been facing the ire of declining membership. The scholars have mainly discussed on the issues but not the solutions that might be followed by this clubs to gain more membership and tackling the issues. Summary: This literature review part took into account the issues that have been mentioned in the articles of eminent scholars like losing out on the conventional ways of hobbying, social media playing a role in disrupting the process that used to happen previously, not letting people know through the newsletter what has been planned. Another way has been showcasing the bikes during the meeting and making people interested about the bikes on offer and the motorcycles they can experience if they become the members of a particular club. Research Design: A design of the research can be stated as the complete draft of the research work. The design of the research takes in the questions of the research, research issues, identification of the variables, data gathering method and the plan related to breakdown of data. Among the several research issues, this particular paper would take in the experimental study. For the purpose of the explanatory research, the research issues are being monitored taking in the data collected over time. Five of the independent variables are being taken in as reliability, empathy, responsiveness, assurance and tangibility. The questionnaire of self-completed nature would be dispersed making use of the feasibility practice of sampling to the members of the Ulysses Club for evaluating the membership decline in the club within Australia. Research Approach: The approach of the research can be mainly divided into three sorts that are deductive, abductive and inductive. In case of deductive approach, the validity of the gathered data tests the validity of the assumption. On certain other occasions, the inductive approach takes in the new theories that would be developed. The abductive approach clarifies some of the other surprising specifics and sequences and with the subject for evaluation of the facts. This would witness the use of the deductive approach. It has cropped up with a research issue for monitoring the declining factor in membership of Ulysses Club and the ways of attracting new members. For doing the research work, the researcher would be performing the study based on drawn conclusions on certain specific facts and coherent base. Therefore, the deductive approach would be the best way of dealing with this topic. Data Collection Process: There are generally two ways of gathering data which the researcher needs to taken in honestly. The survey method is being selected as the primary research principle whereas for the secondary research the data that is generated through other sources has been chosen. A researcher can take into account any sort of methods for the purpose of primary analysis of the data like questionnaire and interviews. Secondary sources take in the relevant journals and articles along with magazines where the researchers present those data with their own perceptions. Reference: Bachand-Marleau, J., Lee, B., El-Geneidy, A. (2012). Better understanding of factors influencing likelihood of using shared bicycle systems and frequency of use.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2314), 66-71. Berry, J. M. (2015).Lobbying for the people: The political behavior of public interest groups. Princeton University Press. Berry, J. M., Wilcox, C. (2015).The interest group society. Routledge. Biezen, I. V., Poguntke, T. (2014). The decline of membership-based politics.Party Politics,20(2), 205-216. Everett, C. R. (2015). Group membership, relationship banking and loan default risk: the case of online social lending. Fishman, E., Washington, S., Haworth, N. (2014). Bike shares impact on car use: evidence from the United States, Great Britain, and Australia.Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,31, 13-20. Fishman, E., Washington, S., Haworth, N., Watson, A. (2015). Factors influencing bike share membership: An analysis of Melbourne and Brisbane.Transportation research part A: policy and practice,71, 17-30. Hardiman, N., Burgin, S. (2013). Mountain biking: downhill for the environment or chance to up a gear?.International journal of environmental studies,70(6), 976-986. Hung, H. C., Chung, C. Y., Wu, M. C., Shen, W. L. (2017). A membership pricing policy to facilitate service scale-expansion.The Service Industries Journal,37(3-4), 167-189. Launay, J., Dunbar, R. I. (2015). Playing with strangers: which shared traits attract us most to new people?.PloS one,10(6), e0129688. McKee, S. (2015).The Effects of Group Membership on Judgments of Moral Violations(Doctoral dissertation, Wake Forest University). Morandin, G., Bagozzi, R. P., Bergami, M. (2013). Brand community membership and the construction of meaning.Scandinavian Journal of Management,29(2), 173-183. Ricci, M. (2015). Bike sharing: A review of evidence on impacts and processes of implementation and operation.Research in Transportation Business Management,15, 28-38.

Marcus James Essays - Let Go, Boi, , Term Papers

Marcus James Preface I chose a dramatic piece, it is a play follows a group of office workers who complain about their life at work while on a lunch hour, the boss comes in and then they try to explain to him their situations. The purpose of this piece is to explain to others some of the effects of using technology in the workplace. I chose this genre because I wanted to present the research in a re latable yet informative manner. I thought a play would real ly grasp the reader's attention, through the use of dialect. I was inspired to write this piece because of the nature of the genre and how easy it is to read and follow a play about any specific topic. This piece would most likely appeal to adults who are already working in the workplace, or it can also appeal to students in secondary school who are preparing to go out into the working world. Finally, a piece like this wo uld most likely be found in an online article or in an office circular. In this way it will reach the adult audience or anyone else who plans to work in an office environment in the future. Word Count: 199 words Reflective "Office Woes" Four workers are chatting in the lunch room over a lunch hour, they begin to discuss the problems they are having in the workplace and how they relate to the technology they use every day. Enter Bill, Stan, Josh and Tom into the lunch room Stan: Aye Josh you finish dah project as yet boi . Josh : No boi, my back rel hurtin' meh, I cyah function for the rest of de day . Bill: Daiz cause every day so we hunching over de damn computers and dem boi, dis sitting down staring at the computer whole day go be rel bad for us in the future . Tom: Bill what stupidness you talking; I working with ah computer for nearly ten years now and I doh have no problems . Stan: Is true what he saying boi Tom, watch how you had to get glasses, I was reading ah article about how watching de computer screen for so long does ruin your vision . Bill: A h next ting that could happen is we get rel stressed out boi, watch how Stan sprout bout 50 grey hair in de last couple months boi . Josh: Yea boi I had to teach myself how to use some new program on de computer and I was rel stressed out . Stan: Ah next ting is all these email and ting coming in does be rel distracting, I was trying to finish ah project de oder day and I could hardly concentrate to finish de project boi . Josh: De emails does be coming all kinda 11 o'clock in the night and ting to inno das rel invasion of my personal time . Tom: My neck does be straini ng be too boi, dey say de chair we sitting in supposed to help dat but it not doing nuttin' . Bill: (laughing) Dem chairs as old as my nenen boi! Tom: We shouldn't even be sitting down all day in dem chairs boi, the average human should be getting at least 30 minutes of physical activity a day Stan : Dis technology does be causing rel social problems too boi, if I want to talk to somebody all I hadda to is send dem ah instant message . Josh: (texting Bill on his cell phone) How y'all talking like issa fish market so? Bill: (after r eading the text) Boi Josh ah right here, why you texting me? Tom: An' yuh see how dey catch Jerry de other day boi, he was doing some hacking or something so on his computer trying to transfer all the business earnings to his bank account . Stan: Steups! Technology could make it rel easy to tief boi . Bill: I was even readin' dis article about how some study showed that the exposure to de light from a computer could cause depression. Tom: Boi ah next article say how dat s ame exposure

Understand influences on dietary intake and nutritional health Essays

Understand influences on dietary intake and nutritional health Essays Understand influences on dietary intake and nutritional health Essay Understand influences on dietary intake and nutritional health Essay In this assignment I am going to explain possible influences on dietary intake, assess how influences on dietary intake may affect the nutritional health of individuals, then I will make realistic recommendations for minimising negative influences on individuals in a specific health and social care setting. Factors what influence what people eat include could be health factors which restrict dietary choices and nutritional intake could be underlying health conditions such as; lactose intolorence where dairy products within the diet is restricted, so the person will have to get calcium from other products like fish- and also use alternatives for milk like soya or rice milk. The person could have a food allergy like a nut allergy so this means they cant eat products that contain nuts or traces of nuts. Dietary habits can infucence could be ones like meal patterns- if they work shift patterns then this could have a big infuence on the times the person eats food because they wont have consistant meal times and be eating at all different times of the day. Snacking could be another factor because they may get bored waiting for food to cook and decide to snack this could lead to putting on weight, also food availablity- if they live in a area that is surrounded by takeaways; they will want to go and eat a takeaway rather than cook as it is easier. This fits into lifestyle; the person might not live near a gym and live near lots of unhealthy places, they could live near a deprived area and may not want to go for a run to get excersice; they may also go out a lot with friends (social eating and drinking) these all have an impact on a persons health. A persons occupation is a factor- if someone has a job that requires sitting at a desk, they arent getting much excersise and will gain weight, however- if their job is being a fitness trainer or a football coach, then they will get consistant excersice. The economical climate is a big factor as wages have stayed the same and the price of food and drinks has gone up, and also access to shops- the person may not have a car or the funds spare to get a bus, and if their corner shop raises its prices of food then the person will have to pay for them as they cant afford to get a bus or a taxi. They may not be able to afford healthy food and processed foods are often cheaper (like pizza and microwave meals) so it is easier. If a person has cultural beliefs- if they are a vegetarian or a vegan, this can affect their dietry choices as they will only want to eat non-meat products/non-animal produce, and often these products are more expensive. Education has a big impact on heath factors, as many people havent been educated on what nutrition labels mean so they dont understand what is on the label. If a person is lactose intolerent, then they wont be able to eat or drink products that have dairy products and the natural sugar (that is found in milk- it is added to foods), they wont be able to eat cream, cheese, yoghurt, biscuits and chocolate, and many breakfast cereals. This can affect their intake because lactose is often used for energy as well as it helps to absorb a number of minerals such as calcium and magnestium so deficiencies can start. This means that they wont be getting enough calcium (high in dairy products etc) or magnesium in their diet- this can lead to brittle bones, weak bones and teeth, calcium also aids the stopping of blood clots. If a person choses a lifestyle of living on their own; this can have a major impact on their nutritional health because if they live on their own; it is easier to have a takeaway or a microwave meal than to cook a portion of food for themselves, which requires washing up. It is faster to cook a meal in the microwave or order some food from the takeaway. It is also more expensive to put food in the fridge, which if the person isnt in a lot due to working then this could mean wasting money on food going off and not getting used when only one person is in. They wont have fruit and vegetables in as these will also go off and is it also a waste of money. This could lead to a high bmi, high cholestrol, and lead to the person being overweight. They will not be getting a balanced diet or following the eat well plate to stay healthy. There are several ways to reduce the negative influences that impact on a persons diet; if a person is lactose intolerant, they can still get calcium and magnesium as they can take lactose subsititute to help in digestion. If a person smokes, and they are smoking instead of eating, then this means that they arent having a balanced diet or getting all the nutrients they need- the person could cut down smoking and eat more meals when hungry instead of replacing meals for cigerettes. A person who lives on their own could also get healthier meals in that can be cooked in the oven for a short period of time- they could look online on what the traffic light labels mean and ensure if they are eating microwave meals then they are high in energy and low in salt and fat. If they work shift patterns, then they should ensure the food that they do eat (if it is late at night), that it is healthy and that they dont just go to the chipshop because it is easier, they should take soup or a pasta salad, not only will it give them lots of energy which is a slow release, it is healthier.

Definition and Examples of Context Clues

Definition and Examples of Context Clues In reading  and listening, a context clue is information (such as a definition, synonym, antonym, or example) that appears near a word or phrase and offers direct or indirect suggestions about its meaning. Context clues are more commonly found in nonfiction texts than in fiction, though they are found in childrens literature, often with the goal of building readers vocabulary. Words can have multiple meanings, so being able to infer the correct meaning from context is a valuable reading comprehension skill. Types of Context Clues You learn new words through context of the words around them, inferring their meaning through whats going on in the story or what has already been explained in the article. Clues to deciphering a words meaning can be subtle hints or straight-out explanations or illustrations of meaning.   Context clues can be synonyms, antonyms, definitions, explanations, word-structure clues, comparisons (such as metaphors and similes), and contrasts. For example: Synonym context clues will have words nearby that mean the same thing: Synonym: The annual fete is scheduled for the last day of school. Its always a great party.Synonym:   That charlatan! he cried. That absolute fake! Antonym context clues will have words nearby that mean the opposite. Antonym: You look pretty content about it, not like youre all languishing in worry, he said.Antonym:  No, no, that didnt literally happen, she said. I was just  speaking figuratively. Definition context clues just spell out the meaning in a straightforward manner: Definition: In Britain they call a cars trunk its boot.Definition: The department  super, as we call them, she explained to the new hire, is Jerry, the utilities  superintendent.   An explanation or illustration can also show the context of the word: Explanation:  She looked at the  random stuff  that had been thrown in the packing box at the last minute, from toothpaste and razors to spatulas and sticky notes. Well, thats quite the  melange, isnt it? she thought.Explanation:  No, no, thats just a  crane fly, not a  gigantic mosquito, he explained. Word-structure clues come from a reader or listener understanding, for example, a base word and a prefix and inferring meaning of their combination, such as knowing anti- means against or knowing one word when hearing something very similar, such as understanding that a memorial is for someone whos died: Word-structure: Im absolutely anti-establishment, the candidate declared.Word-structure: The book was listed in memoriam of his father. Comparison context clues will show the meaning of a word through similarities to other items or elements, similies or metaphors: Comparison: He looked absolutely  flummoxed, like a toddler staring down at his feet on the floor and who just isnt sure about this whole walking thing.Comparison:  No, she said, Im as carefree about it as a bird floating among the clouds. Contrast context clues show meaning through dissimilar elements: Contrast:  It isnt exactly the melee that I expected by your description, he said. The kids are just roughhousing a little. I expected them to be bruised and bleeding.Contrast: I know she said she could  reconstitute  the dried fruit, but a wet raisin just isnt a grape any longer. Limitations of Context Clues Learning new words this way has its limitations, as contexts arent always informative; theyll likely give a reader only a general idea of a word, not a full meaning. If the sentences in which the new word appear dont clearly spell out the definition of the word, the meaning may not be retained by the readers memory for long. For long-term retention, a reader needs to see a word multiple times, and having some instances include a definition will increase the likelihood of a person remembering the word.   Michael Graves wrote in The Vocabulary Book: Learning and Instruction, All in all, the descriptive research on learning from context shows that context can produce learning of word meanings and that although the probability of learning a word from a single occurrence is low, the probability of learning a word from context increases substantially with additional occurrences of the word. That is how we typically learn from context. We learn a little from the first encounter with a word and then more and more about a words meaning as we meet it in new and different contexts.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

English - Essay Example Only the copied text thus commands the soul of him who is occupied with it, whereas the mere reader never discovers the new aspects of his inner self that are opened by the text, that road cut through the interior jungle forever closing behind it: because the reader follows the movement of his mind in the free flight of daydreaming, whereas the copier submits it to command. The Chinese practice of copying books was thus an incomparable guarantee of literary culture, and the transcript a key to China's enigmas† (Benjamin 50). THESIS STATEMENT Walter Benjamin, a German philosophist, social critic and a renowned literary critic had been a center of conversation during the early and mid 20th century, owing to his revolutionary works on information literacy. Among his various contributions to modern German and French literature, his literary work in â€Å"One-Way Street†, translated by Edmund Jephcott and Kingsley Shorter, had marked the roots of an apparent insurgency in the imminent literatures focusing on the unification of philosophical modernity with reality experiences of life. The above selected excerpt presents a clear illustration to the idealistic fineness and individuality in the literary works of Walter Benjamin. This thesis will thus emphasize contextualizing the excerpt and correspondingly, interpret the philosophical meaning of the passage. CONTEXTUALIZING THE EXCERPT When assessing the individuality features imbibed in the literary works of Walter Benjamin, Osborne and Matthew suitably connote that â€Å"This [the narrations in â€Å"One-Way Street†] entails what Adorno describes as a â€Å"philosophy directed against philosophy†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦or what Howard Caygill calls a â€Å"philosophizing beyond philosophy† (Osborne and Matthew, â€Å"Walter Benjamin†). Precisely, the text in â€Å"One-Way Street† can be regarded as a masterpiece in modern informative literature art. In the selected excerpt too, the read er shall find inferences drawn on the basis of real life experiences of a person, illustrating the disputable contexts of capitalism persisting in the modern society of humankind. In a benevolent, but equally strong and unambiguous manner, Benjamin addresses the issues faced by a common man at one end of the polarized capitalistic society in comparison with the elite enjoyed by another man with obvious greater purchasing power at the other end. Taking direct reference from the text, it can be argued that the man who possesses the power to afford an airplane is likely to have petite understanding regarding the hardships that a common man face, who actually works in the background to nurture and cultivate the benefits reaped by the capitalists. The common man is thus represented as a man who needs to travel the road on-foot and certainly faces greater difficulties in reaching his destination. Expanding the thought process of the excerpt, Walter Benjamin depicts a similar polarization tact followed in the field of informative literary writings where it is often witnessed that secondary writers attempt to copy from the work actually conducted by the primary writer. In this excerpt, Benjamin regards the primary writer or the true investigator as the common man who needs to walk down the road and experience all the pain in his way; while the copier, presents the rich possessing affordability to

Furniture industry analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Furniture industry analysis - Essay Example Therefore, our business will aim at closing the gap by providing them with well refurbished furniture at a lower cost. With the increasing level of globalization that is being pushed by the liberalization of markets, efficient flow of information, and integration of competition, any industry is at a higher threat of new entrants (Hooley, Piercy, and Nicoulaud 65). This aspect has opened up the market for the multinational companies which have a huge financial base to segment the market, position their products strategically in the market, and attract customer loyalty towards their products. With the increasing number of people who are attaining a middle income status, the demand for furniture is likely to increase tremendously (Pfeffer 76). However, there are only few suppliers in the market. Therefore, these people are likely to look for second products that are well refurbished. This will attract the interests of new investors who will be eyes a share in the market. With the increasing demand for the furniture, more companies will try to outsource their operations to countries with cheap labor and easily accessible raw materials to make high quality furniture (Lawrence and Weber 19). These products will be cheap despite being first hand. This is likely to threaten the competitive advantage of this business because customers are likely to shift towards these products. With the increasing numbers of competitors in the furniture business, the customers will have a stronger say in the market (Keller 87). This is because every firm will be trying to win the customers’ loyalty. Therefore, the customers are likely to dictate the prices of the commodities in the market. Furthermore, the entry of cheaper products once the companies start to outsource their operations to different parts of the world will increase the bargaining power of the customers. This will make it hard for the firm to dominate the

Profile of Senator Barack Obama Essay Example for Free

Profile of Senator Barack Obama Essay Barack Obama is one of the top candidates for the democratic nomination in the 2008 presidential election. His political experience has not been as long as some of his competitors, but Obama has served eleven meaningful years as a senator from the state of Illinois. As the son of parents from both the state of Kansas and the country of Kenya, Obama’s diverse background is one of the many desirable qualities that he brings into the presidential race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obama has now turned his sights on the presidential race, where he is running as a democrat. He is currently one of the leaders in that race, and is thought by many to hold a slight lead over Senator Hilary Clinton, He was recently endorsed by powerful talk show host Oprah Winfrey, who has lent her support in private for a long time now. Though Obama does not have the long political record that some of the other candidates have, he makes up for that by providing a fresh outlook and exciting perspective in a race that greatly needs such attributes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obama has taken some hard line stances on many of the biggest issues of this year’s campaign. The senator has consistently supported the woman’s right to choose in regards to abortion. His pro-choice mentality is something that sets him apart from many of the candidates in the race. One of the issues that Obama has concentrated on is immigration reform. According to the senator’s official website, â€Å"Barack Obama has played a leading role in crafting comprehensive immigration reform. Obama believes the immigration issue has been exploited by politicians to divide the nation rather than find real solutions† (Obama).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most important issues in this election is the war in Iraq. On that, Obama has consistently stood by his pledge to bring the soldiers home and work to end the conflict. His ideas on foreign policy have been the subject much speculation over the last couple of months. An Associated Press article stated that â€Å"Obama, closing the three-hour policy forum, said a president should be unafraid to meet with tyrants, and must restore the nations moral authority by ending torture, closing Guantanamo Bays military prison and helping fight global poverty and AIDS† (Babington).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obama has fought with competitor Hilary Clinton on a number of issues in debates and in the press on a number of issues, but none has been more common than health care. According to Timothy Noah of The Slate, â€Å"Obamas plan creates various mechanisms to make both private and public health insurance more readily available† (Noah). This plan puts the responsibility on the American people to make their own choices about healthcare, while many universal healthcare plans make the decision for the people. This is one of the issues where Obama has received high marks from prospective voters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus far, Barack Obama has performed very well in debates, both formal and off of the stage. Though poll numbers have fluctuated based upon whom one asked, Obama has stayed mostly strong through the duration of his campaign. As the campaign has progressed, Obama’s positions have continually been challenged on a number of issues and he has consistently had to defend them against challengers. With the endorsement form Oprah in his back pocket and the primaries on the horizon, Obama looks to have taken momentum into a very important part of the campaign. Works Cited Obama, Barack. Obama ’08: Official Website. â€Å"Immigration and the Border†. http://www.barackobama.com/issues/immigration_and_the_border/ Babington, Charles. (AP) Obama Touts new Diplomatic Approaches. 28 November 2007. http://www.wkrn.com/nashville/news/ap-obama-touts-new-diplomatic-approaches/130230.htm Noah, Timothy. Obama vs. Clinton on Universality. 30 November 2007. http://www.slate.com/id/2178896/fr/rss/

Is Henry James The turn of the Screw a traditional ghost story? Essay

Is Henry James' The turn of the Screw a traditional ghost story? Ghost stories are found way back in history, some dating back to the Victorian times. The Victorians were known to be greatly interested in ghosts and the supernatural and showed this fascination through telling ghost stories. The telling of ghost stories was used as a way of entertainment especially around Christmas time and it was also very common for upper class Victorians to participate in seances where they would try to make contact with the ghosts/spirits of their dead loved ones. However this was not the only reason, in the later Victorian age, with many people having a great mixture of beliefs there was a disaffection with organised religion and more towards scientific influences and discoveries. Therefore this could mean that Victorians societies interest in the supernatural was just a move away from religion and the idea that God provides all the answers. In this essay I will look at Henry James' 'The Turn of the Screw' which was written in the Victorian era. The question I will be looking to answer is, does James' 'The Turn of the Screw' fit into the traditional mode of a ghost story or does he do something different and more sinister? The story is initially about a lonely governess and her new job looking after two young children. The story is set in a large house named Bly which is isolated in the countryside. The governess starts to form a strange relationship with the children and in many ways becomes too attached, finding it hard to separate herself from them, enchanted by their surposide innocence. Life at Bly runs smoothly until the governess receives a letter from Miles' school informing her that he has been exp... ...e contaminating and corrupting of the idea of innocence by the governess and not by the apparitions. There seems to be answers for the happenings at Bly however these answers appear to lie in the mental state of the governess. She seems to have developed delusions, resulting in the obsession with the ghosts and their relationship with the children. This climaxes in Flora's exit to London with Mrs Grose and Miles' death. The role of the governess in Miles' death is not clear, was he smothered by his affection? Or did he die of another cause? This story twists the truth to the extent that the true answer to what is going on is never actually revealed. All traditional aspects of this story are contorted, making it seem far more untraditional, the storyline is designed to make the reader think and ask themselves questions to which there is no clear answers.

History development of accounting principles

Callahan-Babylonian, Assyrian and Sumerian civilizations the producers of the first organized government in the world, and some f the oldest written languages and the oldest surviving business records; the Egyptian civilization – where scribes formed the pivots on which the whole machinery of the treasury and other departments turned; the Chinese civilization – with government accounting playing a key and sophisticated role of the great estate of Apollonian Introduced an elaborate system of responsibility accounting In 256 BC; and the Roman civilization – with laws requiring taxpayers to prepare statements of their balancing positions and with civil rights depending on the level of property declared by the citizens. The presence of these forms of bookkeeping In the ancient world has been attributed to various factors, including the invention of writing, the introduction of Arabic numerals and of the decimal system, the diffusion of knowledge of algebra, the prese nce of inexpensive writing material, the rise of literacy, and the existence of a standard of medium of exchange. The Development of Accounting Principles Various groups in the united States of America (USA), Australia and elsewhere, implementing a mix of approaches, have subjected accounting theory and principles to a constant re-examination and critical analysis.In order to simplify the discussion, four phases of this process may be identified. In the first phase (1900-33), management had complete control over the selection of financial Information disclosed in annual reports; in the second phase (1933-59) and third phase (1959-731 the professional bodies played a significant role in developing principles; and in the fourth phase, which continues to the present, it has become increasingly noticeable that standard-setting bodies such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FAST) in the USA and the Australian Accounting Standards Board in Australia (SAAB) ND various pressure gr oups are moving towards a plasticization of accounting.Management Contribution Phase (1900-33) The influence of management in the formulation of accounting principles arose from the increasing number of shareholders and the dominant economic role played by industrial corporations after 1900. The diffusion of share ownership gave management complete control over the format and content of accounting of ad hoc solutions to urgent problems and controversies. The situation generated dissatisfaction during the asses. Two Americans, William Z. Ripley and J. M. B. Huxley, ere particularly outspoken in arguing for an improvement in standards of financial reporting. Similarly, Adolph A. Berne and Gardener C. Means pointed to corporate wealth and the power of industrial corporations and called for the protection of investors.In the United States, the main players of the time were a professional association of accountants, the American Institute of Accountant (AI), which in 1917 established a B oard of Examiners to create a uniform certified practicing accountant (CPA) examination, and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), which from 1900 required all reparations applying for listing to agree to publish annual financial statements. A theoretical and a controversial debate of the period was the question of accounting for interest costs. The Abs's Discussion Memorandum on Accounting for Interest Costs traces the background of the interest as a cost controversy. Another important event of the era was the growing effect, on accounting theory, of taxation of business income.

Christmas Carol Essay

A Christmas Carol’ focuses on a very mean character called Ebenezer Scrooge, who unnaturally receives a chance to make amends for his actions towards his clients. Life in Britain in the 1800’s was very dark and gloomy, also its population was increasing rapidly. At this time and age, Britain’s industrial revolution was in full flow, thus making Britain’s population explode. Charles dickens had uncountable financial problems and was in in huge dept. In addition to this, in the fall of 1843 dickens and his wife were expecting their fifth child. Supporting his large family was difficult for Dickens. Requests for money from his family and a large mortgage had left Dickens seriously short of cash. In a way Dickens most cherished and most read books was created as a result of his own desperate need of money. Charles Dickens routinely walked the city streets, 10 or 20 miles at a time, observing the life. The descriptions in his writing seem like an exact replica of what he observed and experienced during these times. Evidence of this shown in the text. Descriptions such as ‘a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching,’ may show how Charles Dickens might have behaved when he had his desperate money problems. In this essay, I will be discussing the development of Ebenezer Scrooge’s character in Christmas Carol whilst going through each stave. Stave 1 clearly introduces Scrooge’s character to the reader. At the beginning of the stave, the first description we see is where it says: ‘The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker and the mourner. Scrooge signed it. ‘ From this text the reader can already comprehend that scrooge is a man who only takes credit for himself and that he despises spending money on other people. Another description presented by the text tells the reader that there is something about Scrooge’s life style that makes him very unpopular with the locals. ‘Nobody ever stopped him in the street to say, with gladsome looks’ ‘My dear Scrooge how are you’ This makes it crystal clear that scrooge is obviously not a nice person, thus making the locals shun his presence. Scrooge’s cold and cruel actions to people result in Marley’s Ghost appearing in Scrooges home. The ghost warns Scrooge that if he does not change his way of life, he will end up loosing everything and becoming just like Marley, who is dead and bound up in chains. In the second section or stave 2 of the novel, even though Marley’s ghost had gone, its presence was having an effect on Scrooge. ‘Marley’s ghost bothered him extremely’ Since no one has ever been close to changing Scrooge’s personality, this text shows a slight alteration in Scrooge’s character. In this stave, Scrooge is visited by another ghost who says to represent Christmas past. This ghost shows Scrooge his early life and how much he has changed. After Scrooge has witnessed his passed life and actions, Scrooge is moved with regret. ‘I wish’ Just these two words are very significant as they show a huge positive development in Scrooge’s character, which suggests that Scrooge is willing and hoping to change his cruel ways, and diminish descriptions of himself such as: ‘To see a heightened and excited face would have been a surprise’ Scrooge’s life is full of negative descriptions like this and he wished to make amends for his past actions. Scrooge then says something to the ghost that is very, very unusual: ‘There was a boy singing a Christmas Carol at my door last night, I would like to give him something. ‘ This is probably the first time that Scrooge has ever shown any affection for anyone, which shows that the presence of the ghosts are developing Scrooge’s character in a divine way. In stave 3 of the novel Scrooge is visited by yet another ghost who says to represent Christmas present. This ghost shows Scrooge how other families, such as the clerk’s and the Cratchits. Scrooge sees that even though the Cratchits are very poor, they can have a high quality of life and be happy at Christmas. Earlier on in the novel Scrooge says a cold blooded thing concerning one of the Cratchits son called Tiny Tim who looks very frail and scrawny and much too vulnerable to the hands of death: ‘If he be like to die he had better do it and decrease the surplus population. ‘ Scrooge’s cold heart was so uncaring, that he thought that the death of a person was a benefit or an advantage to people. However, when the ghost showed Scrooge this family, his reminiscence of his past sayings had a different effect on him: ‘Scrooge hung his head to hear his own words quoted by the spirit and was overcome with penitence and grief. ‘ Now that Scrooge has viewed that people can be happy without a lot of money, his former way of thinking has now disgusted him. Scrooge has now probably for the first time accepted that his way of life is detestable and needs to be changed: ‘All the things that ghost has shown him came upon his mind. He softened†¦ ‘ ‘If he would have listened he might have cultivated the kindness of life. ‘ This shows a further development of Scrooge’s character as his hard headedness had been softened and also, he now desires to have a personal quality of kindness. In stave 4 of the novel Scrooge is visited by the last of the three ghosts who represents Christmas future. In this stave scrooge is shown a group of people who are discussing a very unpopular mans death. Scrooge is puzzled by the conversation of the group until the ghost silently exposes the secret when he shows Scrooge a gravestone with his own name on it. The description of the ghost in the beginning of the stave definitely offers a hint that Scrooge’s future will be cold and dark just as his past life: ‘Shrouded in a deep black garment’ ‘It seemed to scatter gloom and mystery’ These phrases are fitting descriptions of a ghost that will bring news that is associated with death. The tone of this stave is also set with words such as; ‘Shadow’ and ‘dark room. ‘ These words give further evidence that a death orientated future awaits Scrooge. Scrooge is horrified when he sees his own gravestone, but to further upset him, he sees that his death is ‘un-watched, un-wept and un-cared for. ‘ the phrase ‘neglected grave’ shows that no one cared if Scrooge died because of the extent of the his cold-hearted actions towards people. This event made Scrooge release all of his emotions. ‘I hope to live to be another man’ His future death makes Scrooge resolve to change his way of cold way of life into a much more kind, new man. Stave 5 shows the finale of Ebenezer Scrooge’s development of character. In this stave Scrooge is shown to be a completely different man. For example, instead of sacking one of his employees for being late, he raises his salary another example is that the story says that Scrooge became like a second father to Tiny Tim. In this stave there is also evidence that points to the outcome of the story as the mood of the novel suddenly changes from a dark and gloomy mood to a more happy mood. Words such as ‘Bright’ and ‘Golden sunlight’ show that something marvellous and positive is going to happen to Scrooge and his character. These hints are fulfilled when the text says: ‘Glowing with good intentions’ Obviously from this, the reader can see that Scrooge is a changed man, and is exploding with good deeds and emotions, and instead of planning to do evil he is planning to do something obliging. Language devises such as similes are also used to show Scrooge’s development in character: ‘As happy as an angel’ This simile is used to further emphasize the alteration in Scrooge’s personality. Since Angels are portrayed to be perfect heavenly creatures it is obvious to the reader that Scrooge has made some miraculous changes from being a cold hearted, uncaring and evil man into a loving, kind and angelic new man. In my personal opinion, I believe that the presence of the ghosts were like stepping stones to the development of Scrooges character. It seemed to me that the lessons taught by the ghosts became more and more severe as Scrooge’s mind gradually softens.

buy custom Division of Health and Human Development essay

buy custom Division of Health and Human Development essay Although health indicators show remarkable improvement among the general populations of Americans, minority groups of Asian and African-American descent still face challenges posed by the heavy burden of preventable diseases, disabilities and deaths. In several studies carried out, it emerges that African-American people are more vulnerable to cancerous diseases than other persons of different races. Heart disease is also a serious cause of death among the different minority populations. Also, white women who are less vulnerable to obesity and overweight than their colleagues from minority populations are less prone to diabetic ailments. In this little piece of writing, I wish to examine the Cultural Beliefs held by the minority groups which may be a major contributor to their numerous health woes. In light of the perceptible health disparity that negatively impacts on the lives of many American citizens in the ethnic and racial minority, preventive measures have been attempted and still require to be put in place and be implemented in earnest so as to assure the affected groups of a meaningful life. With respect to this cause, and in order to effectively deal with the matter, a thorough scrutiny of the way these people live and their general perception of health matters if fundamental. In essence, the culture plays a major role in anchoring many pracices that may be the major contributors of the existing impasse. Indeed, there are various cultural beliefs that the people hold so dear yet they play a role in sustenance of the health disparity problem. One unfortunate practice that has always been perpetuated by a large proportion of the minority population is paucity of commitment to immunization programs. It is estimated that about thirty per cent of African-American adults are less likely to have been immunized against the major diseases that are too strong for the bodys natural immune system. Such individuals remain vulnerable to diseases that would have effectively been prevented at an early age. In another observation in 2003, sixty nine per cent of older white persons received influenza vaccines compared to the low forty nine per cent and forty seven per cent of older African-American and Hispanic adults, respectively (Department of Health Human Services 2007). Besides, the issue of poor child care is a common issue which brings about high infant mortality rates among the minority groups. For instance, infant mortality rate for African-American mothers with over thirteen years of education was almost three times that of the non-Hispanic White mothers in 2005. The implication of this is the lack of emphasis on utilization of modern prenatal, post-natal and antenatal care on tthe part of the African-American mothers as compared to their non-Hispanic white colleagues. In fact, African-American mothers were two and a half times as likely as non-Hispanic white mothers to begin prenatal care in the third trimester, or even completely fail to receive it (Census Bureau 2008). It is also notable that most of the persons belonging to the minority groups do not practice general healthy living in terms of what they eat. They rely heavily on junk foods that only make them susceptible to different kinds of diseases such obesity and overweight. Crime is also rampant in most of the areas inhabited by the minority groups and the youths are most affected. With such forces in play, health indicators like life expectancy would definitely their unprecedented lows. In simple terms, the health disparity that exists among different American racial and ethnic groups is determined largely by the lifestyles embraced by each one. However, educative measures and sound policies are necessary weapons in the fight against such an enormous war against health disparity in order to guarantee all Americans of health living. It lies in the hands of all the stakeholders in the Health Sector to make an effort to ensure that affected individuals are conformant to the modern ways of living and health practices that guarantee better health for all. Buy custom Division of Health and Human Development essay

Acceptance of refugees

Acceptance of refugees After World War II, the United Nations was instituted and one of their tasks was to set up universal regulations and laws to define the status and rights of refugees. The U.N. High Commission for Refugees organized in 1951 received a three-year mandate to solve postwar refugee problems and was renewed thereafter for five-year periods. Nevertheless, new scope of responsibilities, definitions and restrictions followed with the institution of new conventions and proposals. As of today, the number of refugees remains at an increasing rate and laws have never been stricter and tougher. The refugee crisis remains an ongoing and delicate issue. It encompasses a global predicament that leaves humanity physically and emotionally scarred. Laws that deal with refugee issues are firmer and concerning from different political groups. There were so many real and reel concerns that has been raised and the negative reactions from different nations has become contagious. Throughout history, acceptance of refugees revolved around issues of morality, economics, security and political delineations. We have yet to bypass these obstacles to continue to preserve the unity that has once been restored. Anne Frank is an ordinary girl living her prime as a teenager in a place that other girls of her age would never imagine to be; a place void of fun, dignity, freedom and normalcy. In spite of the living situation she and her family is in, Anne kept abreast of the horror outside of the four walls of the hidden annex and put her perception and unfaltering hope into writing. The diary that was given to her as a gift on her 13th birthday linked the dreads and fears of her own and the outside world during her time. She hang on to that flicker of hope that someday, it will all come to pass. Little did anyone know that a thirteen year old girl will turn out to be a representation of a universal message and her diary an instrument of appeal for equality in dignity and acceptance of each other regardless of our differences. One would have thought after witnessing and/or reading about the horrors of the one of the most devastating part of history, that the world has learned its lesson. The holocaust may now be a thing of the past, a part of history; however, there still are many Anne Frank and her family in different parts of the world being judged, discriminated upon and maltreated. Desperately trying to search for humane treatment, they chose to seek shelter in other nations hoping for a newfound home. Anne Frank’s legacy through her diary stirred an awakening on one of the most distressing part in history and a reflection on how we can make a change to prevent its recurrence. Anne Frank finds freedom in her diary. It is in her writings that silence is broken and autonomy sets in. Reading between the lines, one can find a soulful account of the joy, fear, hope, desperation and a plea. Anne Franks story calls for respect to dignity and equality. Having the courage to face our fears will set the trend in breaking the stigma attached to the refugees. No one ever has to face being judged and discriminated upon based on gender, race, beliefs and faith. The best gift you can give the future is to do something worthwhile in the present. The Catalyst program of Regis supports humanitarian causes through downright expression in words and deeds. We reach out to different countries in need raising funds and awareness to ensure optimization of health and education for those in need. With passion for a great cause, we hope to expand the mission and express the vision worldwide. Together, let us open our minds and listen to our hearts in promoting an attitude of universal acceptance and continue to advocate for the preservation of democracy and human rights for all.

The power of the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The power of the US - Essay Example The US is indeed an economic powerhouse with the US dollar being one of the world’s most stable currencies and has a very high exchange rate compared with most currencies. The US is a destination country for immigration, it has open policy for people who want to immigrate, and multiple nations come up because of its diverse culture. The USA works together with most of the other world powerhouses to help promote world peace and stability. It works closely with world organizations such as the U.N and N.A.T.O. The US Marines often work closely with other world countries that need assistance in military strategies and tactics. For a number of years, US has offered chances to those wishing to immigrate and stay as its nationals (Stealey, 2008). It also offers a "green card" program where it allows accredited foreigners to be able to become citizens of the United States after slow integration into the system. In addition, it offers resources to aid other nations of the world, especially the third world countries, should any international issues arise, which need attention. Many times it provides assistance in the form of finances, manpower resources, and consultancy services. Thus, the US is a destination country for

Health Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Topic - Essay Example and consequences of drug abuse in relation to consumption of Methamphetamine, analyze its significance, discuss the cultural similarities and differences, provide statistics and locate the various local and national agencies offering assistance to people under the influence of such harmful drugs. The use and popularity of Methamphetamine increased immediately post the Second World War which was used to as a tool to demote / drive down exhaustion and restrain appetite. The harmful effects and addictive quality of the drug led to it being recognized as a substantial health risk in the 1960s prompting the health agencies to initiate corrective measures and policies to restrict its medicinal usage. During the 1980s the problem of Methamphetamine abuse began to be recognized as a severe health hazard in the United States where the drug was popularized by California based motorcycle gangs named Hells Angels. It was used in a smokable form and was largely imported from the Phillipines (methamphetamine.org, 2008). Methamphetamine is a powerful and highly addictive stimulant that drastically upsets several areas of the central nervous system of a human body. Popularly known as Speed, Meth, chalk, crystal, grass, crank, and ice the drug can be consumed in various forms – smoked, snorted, or orally injected into the body. It resembles a white, odorless and bitter tasting powder which could be dissolved in water or alcohol for consumption. It is easy to make and can be made in surreptitious laboratories from easily available and relatively inexpensive ingredients and sold / purchased at a low cost. These factors are largely responsible for its widespread abuse (NIDA, 2008). The key findings from report on primary methamphetamine admissions to substance abuse treatment, as presented by the Drug and Alcohol Services Information System (DAIS Report, 2008) is mentioned below: In the year 2005 there were over 1.8 million admissions recorded for substance abuse of which

Production of Frozen Foods for Export in Thailand Dissertation

Production of Frozen Foods for Export in Thailand - Dissertation Example The US and UK's economies were promising but their consumption patterns were not. Both countries had plenty of frozen foods in the market already; this means that Thailand exporters would have to have a solid product and good marketing strategies. All in all, Thailand exporters should proceed with the venture but they should concentrate their efforts in China then the US and the UK in that order. Contents Declaration 1 Acknowledgement 2 ABSTRACT 3 Contents 4 1.0 INTRODUCTION 6 1.1 Background to study 6 1.2 Objectives of the research 15 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 16 2.1 An examination of exporting theories as applied to Thailand 16 2.2 Factors that Thailand exporters have considered before exportation 21 2.3 Thai's frozen food industry 25 3.0 METHODOLOGY 30 3.1 Overall research strategy 30 3.2 Secondary research 30 3.21 Why secondary research was chosen 34 3.3 Primary research: Online questionnaires 34 3.31 Why online questionnaires were chosen 34 3.32 Problems of using online questionnaires 36 3.4 Methodology 37 3.41 Sampling design and strategy 37 3.42 The process 40 3.43 Sampling criteria 42 4.0 RESULTS 45 4.1 SECONDARY DATA 45 4.12 Feasibility of producing frozen food with reference to a particular exporter in Thailand 45 4.13 Market potential of target countries 48 4. 14 Why the springboard to foreign markets 64 4.2 PRIMARY DATA 64 4.21 Questionnaire results 64 5.0 DATA ANALYSIS (QUESTIONNAIRE) 67 6.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 69 6.1 Thailand 69 6. 11 Analysis of Thailand's macro economic situation in relation to its export potential 69 6.12 Analysis of Thailand's frozen food sector and capability 71 6.2 China 72 6. 21 Analysis of Chinese market potential in... From the statistics indicating the performance of Thailand products in the local frozen food industry, there is a lot of promise for further expansion. The government provides incentives for the manufacture of goods. On top of that, the country is technologically prepared to take up this venture as other commodities have fared very well in the Thai market. The country’s economy has been growing dramatically over the last few years and can, therefore, sustain large-scale production. The country is richly endowed with agricultural commodities which are a crucial part of the frozen food industry. If kept unchecked, it could affect the nature of trade in the country and must be controlled. All in all, Thai is definitely ready for the international manufacturer of frozen foods since it has already started doing this locally. Consequently, Thailand stands to reap benefits of exporting into China. However, some caution should be taken with the nature of the population. It would be advisable for exporters to adhere to regional preferences while offering foods there. On top of that, Thailand exporters need to be wary of competition from local frozen food producers. Therefore, more quality will out-compete these individuals. On top of that, there are higher chances of succeeding in the market, if the country focuses its sales on the eastern coastal areas first. This is because the urban population is located there and they are more exposed to convenience foods rather than those ones in the central region.

Foucauldian Discourse on Punishment

Foucauldian Discourse on Punishment Foucauldian Discourse on Punishment It is noteworthy that the power and techniques of punishment depend on knowledge that creates and classifies individuals, and that knowledge derives its authority from certain relationships of power and domination (Sparknotes, 2006). However, it is in the works of French philosopher Michel Foucault on penal institutionsthat the idea of punishment as part of a discourse of power is made explicit. In this paper, I will critically assess Foucault’s discourse concept on punishment as well as Bentham’s panopticon theory demonstrating the extent of Foucault’s concept towards punishment. Disciplinary institutions are, by and large, places where power is exercised and coursed through various mechanisms. Without doubt, it is in Discipline and Punish (1977) that Foucault’s concern with discipline and surveillance becomes even more pronounced than his other genealogical works. In this work he examines the progressive sophistication of disciplinary mechanisms such as punishments employed in prisons that are in fact, upon closer scrutiny, representative of the same progression of disciplinary mechanisms in society. He undertook an examination of power relations using the penal institution as a take-off point, for the primary reason that it is here where the different disciplinary techniques used in the exercise of power are more evident. At the outset, he shows how torture and execution was made a public spectacle; with the condemned man being paraded in a manner deemed suited to the crime he committed. Interestingly however, public tortures and executions soon became a ‘hidden’ affair, with the condemned man being transferred secretly from one place to another in a manner as inconspicuous as possible, using plain carriages with no particular distinguishing mark indicating that the cargo was a convicted felon. Nevertheless, Foucault points out the concern that the institution has with the ‘body’, a preoccupation that the prison has in common with the asylum and the hospital and, upon close examination, with other institutions as well(Foucault, 1977, p.25). The shifting of torture and execution from the public to the private realm (resulting in more economical disciplinary techniques) subtly demonstrates how mechanisms of discipline evolve and take other forms. In an interview, Foucault states: What I wanted to show is the fact that, starting from a certain conception of the basis of the right to punish, one can find in the work of penal experts and philosophers of the 18th century that different means of punishment were perfectly conceivable. Indeed in the reform movement†¦ one finds a whole spectrum of means to punish that are suggested, and finally it happens that the prison was in some way, the privileged one (Foucault, in Lotringer, 1989, p.286). Using the prison as an example, Foucault demonstrates how such disciplinary institutions utilize different techniques to form ‘docile bodies’: a direct coercion of the body to produce both productive subjects and instruments with which to channel power (Foucault, 1977, p.136). This is a positive perspective of power, because through subjection and subjugation, the individual at once becomes a productive body through direct bodily training. There is a purpose to an institution’s exercise of power, depending upon the nature of that institution; at most, what can be said insofar as purpose is concerned is that institutions all aim at producing ‘docile bodies’ in whatever form the latter may take. Again, this depends on what type of individual an institution intends to fashion. Docile body simply refers to the type of individual that is trained and disciplined in the context of a power relation in an institution. In discussing productivity, it can be understood to refer to the capacity of institutions to produce individuals of a specific type, utilizing punishments as mechanisms. In their book, Michel Foucault (1984), Cousins and Hussains write â€Å"that imprisonment is also enveloped in a mechanism of power† (p. 173). Foucault sees discipline, therefore, as combinative: it functions to combine elements, in this case, individuals, into a uniform mass not through the individual variables found in each element, but through the characteristics imposed upon it because of the space it occupies. Hence, the space defines the capabilities of each individual, which in turn contribute to the collective function of the mass. As it were, the individual is trained through its designation or position, the series that is relevant to his codified space, and through the issuance of a systematic order or command from the authority (Foucault, 1977, p.166). In the following part, it will be made evident that for Foucault, the institutional role of the prison-model of society paves the way for control and observation. At the end of the chapter entitled Panopticism, Foucault explicitly stated: The practice of placing individuals under ‘observation’ is a natural extension of a justice imbued with disciplinary methods and examination procedures. Is it surprising that the cellular prison, with its regular chronologies, forced labour, its authorities of surveillance and registration, and its experts in normality, who continue and multiply the functions of the judge, should have become the modern instrument of penality? Is it surprising that prisons resemble factories, schools, barracks, hospitals, which all resemble prisons? (p. 228). In this particular passage, Foucault outlines the mechanisms that the prison uses in controlling criminality. On closer examination, what he in fact outlines are the mechanisms that operate within different social institutions. This is a noteworthy point, since the institutions that he mentioned, i.e. factories, schools, barracks, and hospitals, all function in essentially the same way as the modern prison. These all use specific procedures and techniques to discipline subjects. Jeremy Bentham’s concept of the â€Å"Panopticon† became an influential model for modern day architectural efficiency. In short, the prison that he envisioned in the late 18th century was to be constructed in such a way as to have the individual cells arranged in a circular manner, with an observation tower at the centre of the formation, light coming from the outside of the cells illumines the inmate for whoever is staying at the observation tower, while the observer in the tower itself remains hidden from the cells’ occupants (See. Figure 1). This arrangement reverses, yet makes even more powerful, the traditional notion of incarceration that is, the putting away of criminality. Thus, to assume that someone is in the observation tower even if there is no one there is the full effect of the â€Å"Panopticon†. Foucault (1977) further clarified: Hence the major effect of the Panopticon: to induce in the inmate a state of conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic functioning of power. So to arrange things that the surveillance is permanent in its effects, even if it is discontinuous in its action; that the perfection of power should tend to render its actual exercise unnecessary†¦ in short, that the inmates should be caught up in a power situation of which they are themselves the bearers. (p. 201) It can be seen that central to the effective use of the panoptic principle is the efficiency of surveillance mechanisms. The latter should function in such a way as to force the recipient of disciplinary power to keep watch over his/her own actions, because of the fact that s/he is being observed by the authority figure. The concept of the gaze is what makes discipline work. In the panoptic model, visibility becomes the central principle that governs incarceration. In other words, For Foucault, the â€Å"Panopticon† represents the way in which discipline and punishment work in modern society. It is a diagram of power in action because by looking at a plan of the â€Å"Panopticon†, one realizes how the processes of observation and examination operate (Sparknotes, 2006). To my way of thinking, by and large the foucauldian concept of discourse towards punishment is an explicit, objective and realistic extensive concept with an array of persuasive arguments and insights on power and techniques of punishment that reflect the modern penal system and simultaneously the various mechanisms of observation and examination. On the whole, what is made evident at this point is that punishment in Foucault should be understood as something much broader than simple retribution. Instead, punishment is an act that is subsumed under the notion of discipline, or training. As such, the prison institution is designed to re-form a criminal into an individual who can be reintegrated into mainstream society, in order to be made useful and productive once more. As already mentioned, the mechanisms used by society are by and large the same mechanisms of discipline used in institutions such as the prison. Within this larger framework, it is implied that the notion of punishment, in all its forms, operate as a part of a purposeful social design within which all other theories become possible. What is positive about such a societal setup is the fact that techniques such as punishments are not entirely negative or prohibitive. Relations of power are important for Foucault because of the positive effects borne out of it. As a final positive note, consider what he says that is summed up best in an interview: It seems to me that power is ‘always already there’, that one is never ‘outside’ it†¦ But this does not entail the necessity of accepting an inescapable form of domination†¦ To say that one can never be ‘outside’ power does not mean that one is trapped and condemned to defeat no matter what (Foucault, 1980, p.141). While Foucault did not agree with the prison per se as the best form of punishment, he saw in the prison a mechanism that, as used by the society, functions as a state mechanism for internalizing discipline. That means the individual would be responsible for governing or disciplining himself from within. Every time the person â€Å"feels the gaze† (i.e. domination), he would be forced to govern himself. In other words, the effects of discipline are felt even though the disciplinary power is absent. The prison is therefore not simply a place for punishment, but a model of an effective mechanism. Bibliography Cousins, M. Hussain, A. (1984)Michel Foucault. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Macey, D. (1994) The Lives of Michel Foucault. London: Vintage. Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish. Alan Sheridan Trans. New York: Vintage Books. Foucault, M. (1989.) What calls for Punishment? In: Lotringer, S. ed. Foucault Live. New York: Columbia University, pp. 279-292. Foucault, M. (1980). Power and Strategies. In: Gordon, C. ed. Power/Knowledge. New York: Pantheon, pp. 134-145. Sparknotes. (2006). Michael Foucault: Discipline and Punish. Available: Last accessed 1 March 2007. Panopticon (Prison’s Plan) Figure 1 From Discipline and Punish, 1977